Discussion 4A: Effective Warnings

 According to Quarantelli (1990), O’Brien (2003) and the National Science and the Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources.(2000), what are the keys to effective warning messages to the public?  (Focus on explaining two and cite the source for each) 

 
Human Behavior in Critical Incidents Part II (Warning and Evacuations)
Read or Review

Module 2: Human Behavior in Critical Incidents: the following parts of the commentary:

Part II: Common Misconceptions about Critical Incident Behavior: The Myth: Warning, Evacuation and Sheltering Behavior
Part II: Common Misconceptions about Critical Incident Behavior: The Myth: Responders Will Fail to Report for Duty
Part III: Summary and Limitations

O’Brien P.W. (2003). Risk Communication and Public Warning Response to the September 11th Attack on the World Trade Center, In Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, Public Entity Risk Institute, and Institute for Civil Infrastructure Systems. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=9B05804AF7BBA70B5D23F9F6E5777512?doi=10.1.1.548.8133&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Trainor, J. & Barsky, L. Reporting for duty?  A synthesis of research on role conflict, strain, and abandonment among emergency responders during disasters and catastrophes.  Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware. udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/9885#files-area
Lindell, M., Prater, C. Perry, R. (2006, July 15). Myths and realities of household disaster response.  From the Fundamentals of Emergency Management Course Federal Emergency Management Center, EMI, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftraining.fema.gov%2FEMIWeb%2Fedu%2Fdocs%2Ffem%2FChapter%25208%2520-%2520Myths%2520and%2520Realities%2520of%2520Household%2520Dis%2520Resp.doc&ei=7m7FUqyAFcaDkQeW1IHwDQ&usg=AFQjCNHWAPL1mjrOXvJ3B65Lc-oYkoQbjA&bvm=bv.58187178,d.eW0  (downloads a file)
Quarantelli, E.L. (1990). The warning process and evacuation behavior: The research evidence preliminary paper #148. Newark, DE: University of Delaware – Disaster Research Center http://dspace.udel.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/19716/520/PP148.pdf?sequence=3
Stallings, R. (1984). Evacuation behavior at Three Mile Island, International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 2, 11-26.  http://www.ijmed.org/articles/448/download/
Sheppard, B., Janoske, M., & Liu, B. (2012, May). Understanding risk communication theory: A guide for emergency managers and communicators. http://www.start.umd.edu/start/publications/UnderstandingRiskCommunicationTheory.pdf
National Science and Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. (2000). Effective Disaster Warnings. Washington, DC: GPO http://tap.gallaudet.edu/emergency/nov05conference/EmergencyReports/EffectiveDisasterWarnings.pdf  (p. 15-39)
Read https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-perfect-traffic-jam-hurricane-floyd-lessons-in-the-evacuation.html
Read https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2000/09/14/hurricane-floyd-night-remember-day-evacuation-frustration-forget