One can always say, ‘ it is 7.00 p.m.’ and the same fact can be also put as ‘ it is 19.00 ’. If the truth underlying these two statements is understood well, one has understood ‘ modular mathematics ‘ well.
The conventional arithmetic is based on linear number system known as the ‘ number line’. Modular Arithemetic was introduced by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801, in his book ‘ Disquisitiones Arithmeticae’. (modular). It is based on circle. A circle can be divided into any number of parts. Once divided, each part can be named as a number, just like a clock, which consists of 12 divisions and each division is numbered progressively. Usually, the starting point is named as ‘0’. So,the starting point of a set of numbers on a clock is ‘0’ and not ‘1’. Since the divisions are 12, all integers, positive or negative, which are multiples of 12, will always be corresponding to 0, on the clock. Hence, number 18 on a clock corresponds to 18/12 . Here the remainder is 6, so the answer of 13 + 5 will be 6
Similarly, the same number 18, on a circle with 5 divisions will represent number 3, as 3 is the remainder when 18 is divided by 5.Some examples of addition and multiplication with mod (5):
1) 6 + 5 = 11. Now 11/5 gives remainder 1. Hence the answer is 1.
2) 13 + 35 = 48. Now, 48/5 gives 3 as remainder. Hence the answer is 3.
3) 9 + ( -4) = 5. Now 5/5 gives 0 as remainder. Hence the answer is 0.
4) 14 + ( – 6 ) = 8 . Now 8/5 gives 3 as remainder. So the answer is 3.
Some examples of multiplication with mod ( 5 ).
1. 6 X 11 = 66. Now, 66/5 gives 1 as remainder. So the answer is 1.
2. 13 X 8 = 104. Now 104/5 gives 4 as remainder . So the answer is 4
3. 316 X – 2 = -632. Now, 632/5 gives 2 as remainder. For negative
numbers the calculation is anticlockwise. So , for negative numbers, the answer will be numbers of divisions (mod) divided by the remainder.Here the answer will be 3.
4. 13 X –7 = – 91. Now, 91/5 gives 1 as remainder. But, the answer will be
5 – 1 = 4. So the answer is 4.
Works-cited page
1. Modular, Modular Arithmetic, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2006,
Retrieved on 19-02-07 from
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic>
2. The entire explanation is based on a web page available at ,
< http://www.csub.edu/~ychoi2/MIS%20260/NotesJava/chap13/ch13_4.html>
Additional information: An automatic calculator of any type of operations with any numbers in modular arithmetic is available on website:
< http://www.math.scub.edu/faculty/susan/faculty/modular/modular.html >
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